The Pela

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By Chaumont Devin, Ka'u, Hawai'i, April 6, 2011. The "pela" is an interesting Moluccan institution, if for no other reason than for the emotional fervor it is able to engender. As far as I know, pela is only found along the southern coasts of Seram and the outlying islands of Ambon, Haruku, Saparua, and Nusa Laut. Moluccans recognize several levels or kinds of pela, including such varieties as "pela tampa siri," "pela kandong" or "pela gandong," and "pela dara," the latter being the strongest kind of pela. The first two I have mentioned are a kind of friendship or brotherhood between villages, but the meaning of "pela dara" is "blood pela," and over it people are often more than willing to shed blood. Yet if you ask them what "pela" might mean, many Moluccans simply do not know, and will dodge the question by saying, "adat," which means something like "tribal law." Others, who like the idea of playing with words and their meanings, will give you some more fanciful answer by relating the word to this meaning or that, or even by claiming that it was formerly part of a compound noun that included some other word now long forgotten. So it is fascinating to observe that people should be willing to kill for something they really can't even explain. How could this kind of internalization happen? There is obviously some other form of communication going on here besides words, since words are completely inadequate to explain the power of the pela. I believe it is the transmission of emotion by nonverbal means--perhaps a look, or a tone of voice, or some other means by which young people are made to "know" that the pela is a life-and-death matter, even if one cannot fully understand it. It is this EMOTION or FEELING of the pela, therefore, that has been passed along from generation to generation through some extraverbal means, and this phenomenon (the fact that nonverbal EMOTIONAL knowledge can be passed down through many generations) would seem to be worth a lot of further study. Here is what I think: The word, "pela," is a cognate of Malay "bela," which means to defend. The primary purpose behind the pela is accordingly one of defense, and we can see this by looking at various aspects of Moluccan history and culture. For one thing, in the whole region where the pela is practised, in the hills behind the current village we invariably find an "aman ira," or "great village," which was inhabited at one time. In most cases, the people associate the aman ira with defense and war, and they will tell you that people moved down from the aman ira to live on the coast soon after the arrival of the Dutch. Thus in former times, before the arrival of colonial empire, Moluccans lived in a state of almost constant warfare and the danger of bloody surprises from the sea. It soon proved futile to defend villages from the Dutch by building them in the hills, and whereas the Dutch were brutal, their colonial empire did produce the effect of putting an end to unexpected seaborn raids, so people moved down from the aman iras to the coasts. Thus before the coming of the Dutch, an unfortified village along the coast was a very dangerous place to be. A study of the oral literature and of the modern history of Maluku reveals one account after another of predawn raids in which whole villages were destroyed in a single attack. But things were different if one had a "pela." Then one could flee to his pela, report the crime, and bring down a terrible vengeance upon his attackers--especially if the pela was a "pela dara." So I believe that the essence of the pela was a military alliance, and when viewed from that perspective, everything falls into place nicely. For example, take the sexual taboo in the pela dara between Oma and Ulat. Why would two villages have such strong sexual taboos that anyone from the one village found to be even romantically involved with anyone from the other village should be worthy of death? The reason is simply that most conflicts between villages arise either over land or over women. In the pela system, as far as I know, no two villages in a pela relationship with each other have a common land border, so the problem of a quarrel over land is impossible, thus the only big reason for a quarrel that remains is over women, and this cannot be allowed to happen, or could not be allowed to happen in ancient times due to the great external threat. The villages bound by a pela dara must NEVER quarrel because the consequences of any quarrel between the partners in such a military alliance could be so disastrous. And the only way to avoid quarreling is to remove any reason to quarrel. Thus pelas sprang up between distant villages for two reasons: (1) because villages having no common land borders could not quarrel with each other over land, and (2) because it was difficult for a common enemy to attack to distant villages at the same time, so that there would be maximum opportunity for revenge. But the only way to preclude all quarrels over women was for the two villages engaged in a pela dara to become brothers to the point that the women of each village must be thought of purely as sisters and never as potential mates or lovers. In such a situation then any trespass of this rule could bring disaster by upsetting the balance of power created by the military alliance and get a whole village wiped out without trace and with no hope of revenge. This is what made the sexual taboo so terrible and so definitely never-to-be-broken. In 1602, the Dutch took over Kota Laha, or Fort Victoria in Ambon. Assuming that they had control of the seas around Lease shortly thereafter, the villages of Oma and Ulat have no longer needed a pela for about 400 years, and yet there are people in those villages still willing to kill anyone breaking the sexual taboo today. Ask them why, and they will tell you, "Adat." And yet the people of Oma and Ulat are willing to break all kinds of other religious and traditional taboos without a second thought. So how long did it take the pela to become so engrained into the Moluccan psyche? How long does it take to set up a cultural tradition that will not die and continues to evoke powerful emotions of violence and fear four hundred years since it has even been needed for survival? People in faraway lands have probably been importing spices from Maluku for at least 4,000 years. Thus to the outsider, Maluku has always been an archipelago of great riches. This has been both a blessing and a curse to Maluku, but mainly a curse. Moluccan villages may have been raided by outsiders from very early times. The greatest danger was from the west, where people knew the value of spices, but according to oral traditions, there was also great danger from the east, whence came raiding parties of Papuan cannibals who continued their expeditions even after the Dutch had arrived. The Buru people like to tell of how the Papuans would pull out long poles when they saw a Dutch ship in hopes of making the Dutch believe they were in shallow water so they would not approach. The original inhabitants of Maluku had no writing, but this is hardly strange in a land where high heat and humidity and the ravages of insects, mildew, and saltwater quickly destroy anything resembling paper. Thus written records do not extend back past the advent of the Portuguese (1511+). Yet we know that at least Buru must have once had a strong trade with China because of the hordes of Chinese ceramics that have been found there. The Javanese once believed that Maluku belonged to them, but it is still impossible to figure out who was raiding and trading in Maluku before them. All we can say is that the wealth of Maluku must have been bringing traders and raiders to the shores of these islands for a very long time. If we assume that the trade in spices began around 2000 BC, then from the time spices were first traded in Maluku to the coming of the Dutch, during most of which people in Maluku must have been living under the constant threat of disaster from the sea, then the pela has had about 3,600 years to establish itself in Moluccan society. So the existence of the pela is not surprising, but the fact that the matter-of-life-and-death emotions of the pela can still be felt almost as strongly today as they were when they were last needed for survival is truly amazing and indicative of some human means of transmitting or communicating not only informational but also emotional knowledge through long periods of time. An understanding of this phenomenon might go a long way towards explaining the hatred of nonbelievers that continues to fester throughout the Moslem world, even among people who barely know anything about the Koran. The pela, which continues to endure all attempts at religious polarization from the 15th century onwards is also a shining example of the value of peace, strong friendship, and brotherhood in a violent world. It is a living testimony against the proponents of strong military organizations, because just like the United States and NATO, although created as a form of military alliance, it has promoted peace instead of creating wars. It evidently held the Moluccan people together during the terrible wars of the 16th - 18th centuries, during which time ruthless "Christian" and "Moslem" outsiders succeeded in plunging large numbers of Moluccans into a state of perpetual religious warfare in order to divest them of their riches. The last test has been the use of this same old tactic by the lying "Republic of Indonesia," which has put on a smiling front of peace and tolerance before the world while quietly sending in Islamic terrorists to destroy the unarmed Christian population in a clearcut act of genocide. It is hard to get firm figures, but apparently more than 1/4 million people have been displaced, and over 10,000 people have been murdered. The actions of many Moslems, directed by their Javanese and Mideastern masters, has been so brutal as to virtually destroy all traces of the pela in Maluku, but it has continued to survive in Holland, and is now slowly returning. Words fail me to express the shame and disgust I feel towards the US and Australia for their conspiracy of silence and the boldfaced lies they have promoted in this most terrible of times for the Moluccan people. It is their stated conviction that Indonesia represents some kind of military buffer zone between Southeast Asia and Australia. I know of no Southeastern Asian nation that has ever threatened Australia except for this selfsame "Republic of Indonesia," which recently threatened Australia for accepting refugees from the ongoing Indonesian genocide in West Papua. How can I convince the English speaking world that dishonesty is not "in America's best interests," and why do the manufacturers of American foreign policy think sincerity and truth have come to be valued among the leaders of great nations if not because it is virtue and not cleverness that builds the best relationships among men? The smart modern student of international affairs who believes in expediency over virtue is not only destroying America, he is destroying the world. Lies are like a cancer that eats out our insides, and the world is not going to get better while its insides are full of lies. Islamic terrorists may be morally bankrupt, but they are not blind, and their epithet of "The Great Satan" could not stand if we would only start really caring about people's lives and stop pretending about what is happening in places like Indonesia, home of the world's largest Moslem population. They see through our hypocrisy and condemn us for it, even though our lies may benefit them in the short run. Why? Because they know that lies are dangerous, and that when dealing with dishonest people, we can never be sure but what we will be their next victims. The world needs strong international laws that guarantee basic human rights including the right of a people to hang onto its own lands and the right of self-determination. Provide these things, and most of the world's worst problems will evaporate overnight. Withhold them and the world will continue to focus upon petty squabbles while the emerald earth itself becomes a mud ball.

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